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1. United States. 2001. “Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices. Evidence report/technology assessment, no. 43.” Rockville, Md: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/ptsafety/chap21.htm
a. Mansfield PF, Hohn DC, Fornage BD, Gregurich MA, Ota DM. “Complications and failures of subclavian-vein catheterization.” N Engl J Med 1994;331:1735-1738. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/331/26/1735
b. Sznajder JI, Zveibil FR, Bitterman H, Weiner P, Bursztein S. “Central vein catheterization. Failure and complication rates by three percutaneous approaches.” Arch Intern Med 1986;146:259-261. http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/146/2/259
c. Bernard RW, Stahl WM. “Subclavian vein catheterizations: a prospective study. I. Non-infectious complications.” Ann Surg 1971;173:184-190. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1397638/pdf/annsurg0039
2. MedPAR data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), analyzed by KNG Consulting.
a. Iatrogenic Pneumothorax (ICD-9 512.1) was reported in 29,691 of 12,866,082 total Medicare discharges in 2007. Infection due to central venous catheter (ICD-9 999.31) was reported in 24,420 of 11,855,943 total Medicare discharges in 2008.
3. Raptopoulos V, LM Davis, G Lee, C Umali, R Lew, and RS Irwin. 1991. “Factors affecting the development of pneumothorax associated with thoracentesis”. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 156 (5): 917-20. http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/reprint/156/5/917.pdf
4. Zhan C, M Smith, and D Stryer. “Incidences, Outcomes and Factors Associated with Iatrogenic Pneumothorax in Hospitalized Patients” [abstract]. In: AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting.; 2004; San Diego, Calif. AcademyHealth. 2004; 21: abstract no. 1862. http://www.academyhealth.org/files/2004/abstracts/quality.pdf
a. “Depending on age and comorbidities, iatrogenic pneumothorax was associated with 4 to 7 excess days in length of stay, between $17,000 and $45,000 in excess charges, and 1% to 14% in excess mortality.”
5. For information on CMS’ quality reporting/value based purchasing program, please see:
http://www.cms.hhs.gov/QualityInitiativesGenInfo/01_overview.asp
6. “Injuries and Liability Related to Central Vascular Catheters–A Closed Claims Analysis”, Domino et al. Anesthesiology 2004; 100:1411-8. http://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/Fulltext/2004/06000/Injuries
7. United States. 2001. “Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices. Evidence report/technology assessment, no. 43.” Rockville, Md: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/ptsafety/chap21.htm
a. Randolph AG, DJ Cook, CA Gonzales, and CG Pribble. 1996. “Ultrasound guidance for placement of central venous catheters: a meta-analysis of the literature”. Critical Care Medicine. 24 (12): 2053-8. http://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/Abstract/1996/12000/Ultrasound_g
8. Karakitsos D, N Labropoulos, De Groot E, AP Patrianakos, G Kouraklis, J Poularas, G Samonis, DA Tsoutsos, MM Konstadoulakis, and A Karabinis. 2006. “Real-time ultrasound-guided catheterisation of the internal jugular vein: a prospective comparison with the landmark technique in critical care patients”. Critical Care (London, England). 10 (6): R162. http://ccforum.com/content/10/6/R162
9. Feldman JP, Gould, MK. “Crossing the Line.” Medicine, March 2004.
10. Stone MB, Nagdev A, Murphy MC, Sisson CA. “Ultrasound detection of guidewire position during central venous catheterization.” Am J Emerg Med. 2010 Jan;28:82-84.
11. American Board of Internal Medicine. 2009. “Internal Medicine & Subspecialty Policies | Become Certified by ABIM | American Board of Internal Medicine.” http://www.abim.org/certification/policies/imss/ccm.aspx (accessed January 15, 2010)
12. Feller-Kopman D. “Utrasound-Guided Thoracentesis.” Chest 2006;129:1709-1714.
13. Feldman JP, Gould, MK. “Crossing the Line.” Medicine, March 2004.
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